dart would be discharged by the force of one arm only, 
and would be discharged in an oblique direction. 
The cords chat formed the tonus were usualy made ot 
the fneus of animals: thofe in the legs of der, and in the 
necks of bulle, vere recommended. But cords made ot 
vomen's hait vere most prefered, and acounted the 
strongest. 
When by frequent ule the elafticity of the tonus was 
weakened, it was in some degree recovered by turning 
round che choenices with the vrench,in the same mane 
as in the first forming it. 
The antients had catapulte and baliste of con¬ 
fructions difrent kom chode here deseibed. Bies 
eie adécipion dt wo soch engine, and says ihe 
dlace purpode, and ocher ciceunstances, oten reqgited 
a diference in their fomm: Fhlo alo mentions many 
variaions and inprorements chat he had made in dhe 
common contudion. The carapula found by Lipius 
in dhe arnoury of Brussel, although very findar to the 
sor abore deserbed, had however many diferenes, itn 
fone of the inprovenents mentioned by Philo. The 
deleipions o Vegrivs, and ot Marcelliug, iho lved 
many yeas afer Viruvins, hey chat, in hat interval, 
che fomns as vellas nanes of the miltany engines had 
undergone an aleration: thole auhors eal he engne 
BOOKX. 
CHAPTER XIX. 
Of Machines for Attack, and their Invention. 
263 
OE the foregoing things I have spoken what I could; it remains now to speak of the 
machines used in attacks, wich which generals conquer and defend cities: and first of the 
Ram, which is faid to have been thus invented: 
when the Carthaginians were encamped to besiege Cadiz, and had taken an advanced fort, 
which they endearoured to demodih, haing no iron tools, they took a beam and lup- 
roting it wich their hand, they dove the end of it repenedy aginst the toy othe val, 
throyving dovn the upercourf of fones and dusgadvly, by ourfes delhoyedhe vhole 
forres: Afervand a cetein mnith of Tyre, amed Pephasmenog, ercited by this invention, 
eded a mat, kom mlich he sufpended anoche twanferelh, kea baline, and by dan- 
ing ithaek, and chen inpeling k forwund wich he fore of is hous he thren dhon the 
walls of Cadiz. 
chat fhot arrows and darts balista, and that which fhot 
stones onager, from the animal of that name, which is 
said to kick stones against the hunters who pursue it. 
Marcellinus also says the same engine was called scorpion, 
because, like the insect of that name, it held its sting 
The power of these engines, according to the reports 
of the antient authors, must have been very great: 
Atheneus relates that a carapul taof only a soot in length 
was made to fhoot an arrow half a mile; some, it is sad, 
would cary javelins acrols the Danube. The balitae 
discharged large beams of timber, pears of twelve cubits, 
and Rones of 360 pounds weight. Polybius makes men¬ 
tion of stones being hot from balistae to prevent ships 
entering a harbour. 
Josephus recquds many istances of theit pouer-ot 
their beaing doun che pinnades and corners of towers, 
and overthrowing whole ranks of men-indieting a 
pouer almostequal to that of the modern camons, vhich 
is scarcely credible. 
(.) Plang b.vi. ch. 56. fup che Kon va invenedat 
Tror, and it s choughr i gaverise to che story ot the 
wooden hofe, by the meansod wlichtecity vas tiken.