VITRUVIUS. 
the windlass has two holes near the ends, adjusted to receive the levers (GG). To the lower 
rechamus also iron forceps (H, Fig. LXXV.) are fastened, the teeth of which are fitted to 
holes in the stone : then when the end of the rope is fixed to the windlass, and the levers 
turn it, the rope winding itself round the windlass is distended, and thus raises the weight 
to the height and place of the work. 
C HAPTER III. 
Of the different Names of these Machines, and how they are erected. 
MACHINE on this principle, which is worked by three pulleys, is called trispastos; 
but when there are two pulleys turning in the lower trochlea, and three in the higher, it is 
called pentaspaston. If machines are to be prepared for greater weights, beams of greater 
lengths and thicknesses must be used; the fibula at the top, and the windlass at the bottom, 
being applied in the same manner. 
(5*) The text has forfices; but Philander thinks it 
lhould be read forcipes, signifying some machine of the 
pincer kind, which it is supposed the antients used to 
take hold of the stone. The instrument now generally 
uled for that purpose is not of the forceps or pincer 
kind, but of a construction more secure and more con¬ 
venient; it is called by us louis, by the French louve, and 
is represented by Fig. LXXII. and Fig. LXXIII. 
Another kind of these instruments, used in France, seems 
to be yet more simple and expeditious, but not quite so 
late, in case the rope should by any accident be slackened: 
it is represented by Fig. LXXIV. Piranesi, in the third 
volume of his Antichita Romana, asserts that he found in 
lome of the antient buildings stones that had holes cut in 
their upper surfaces, in such a form as to suit the dovetail 
shape of the modern louis; and from thence supposes that 
the antients were acquainted with that machine. 
(1*) Galiani, who has altered the titles of many of the 
chapters, has changed the title of this to « De alia machina 
et tractoria"—e another drawing machine," which appears 
to be an erroneous alteration; for Vitruvius is evidently 
hot treating of another, but of the same kind of machines 
that he spoke of in the preceding chapter: he here only 
mentions their names, and how they are elevated. Ga¬ 
liani has probably been led into this mistake by the 
erroneous separation of this from the foregoing chapter.